Atlas of
Neuroanatomy and
Neurophysiology
Selections from the Netter Collection of Medical Illustrations
Illustrations by
Frank H. Netter, MD
John A. Craig, MD
James Perkins, MS, MFA
Text by
John T. Hansen, PhD
Bruce M. Koeppen, MD, PhD
Atlas of Neuroanatomy and Neurophysiology
Selections from the Netter Collection of Medical Illustrations
Copyright ©2002 Icon Custom Communications. All rights reserved.
The contents of this book may not be reproduced in any form without written
authorization from Icon Custom Communications. Requests for permission
should be addressed to Permissions Department, Icon Custom Communications,
295 North St., Teterboro NJ 07608, or can be made at www. Netterart.com.
NOTICE
Every effort has been taken to confirm the accuracy of the information presented.
Neither the publisher nor the authors can be held responsible for errors or for any
consequences arising from the use of the information contained herein, and make
no warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the contents of the publication.
Printed in U.S.A.
Foreword
Frank Netter: The Physician, The Artist, The Art
This selection of the art of Dr. Frank H. Netter on neuroanatomy and neurophysiology is drawn
from the Atlas of Human Anatomy and Netter’s Atlas of Human Physiology. Viewing these pictures
again prompts reflection on Dr. Netter’s work and his roles as physician and artist.
Frank H. Netter was born in 1906 in New York City. He pursued his artistic muse at the Sorbonne,
the Art Student’s League, and the National Academy of Design before entering medical school at
New York University, where he received his M.D. degree in 1931. During his student years, Dr.
Netter’s notebook sketches attracted the attention of the medical faculty and other physicians, allowing
him
to
augment
his
income
by
illustrating
articles
and
textbooks.
He
continued
illustrating
as
a
sideline
after
establishing
a
surgical
practice
in
1933,
but
ultimately
opted
to
give
up
his
practice
in
favor
of
a full-time commitment to art. After service in the United States Army during the Second
World War, Dr. Netter began his long collaboration with the CIBA Pharmaceutical Company (now
Novartis Pharmaceuticals). This 45-year partnership resulted in the production of the extraordinary
collection of medical art so familiar to physicians and other medical professionals worldwide.
When Dr. Netter’s work is discussed, attention is focused primarily on Netter the artist and only
secondarily on Netter the physician. As a student of Dr. Netter’s work for more than forty years, I can
say that the true strength of a Netter illustration was always established well before brush was laid to
paper. In that respect each plate is more of an intellectual than an artistic or aesthetic exercise. It is
easy to appreciate the aesthetic qualities of Dr. Netter’s work, but to overlook its intellectual qualities
is
to
miss
the
real
strength
and
intent
of
the
art.
This
intellectual
process
requires
thorough
understanding
of
the
topic,
as
Dr.
Netter
wrote:
“Strange
as
it
may
seem,
the
hardest
part
of
making
a
medical
picture
is
not
the
drawing
at
all.
It
is
the
planning,
the
conception,
the
determination
of
point
of
view
and
the
approach
which
will
best
clarify
the
subject
which
takes
the
most
effort.”
Years before the inception of “the integrated curriculum,” Netter the physician realized that a
good medical illustration can include clinical information and physiologic functions as well as anatomy.
In pursuit of this principle Dr. Netter often integrates pertinent basic and clinical science elements
in his anatomic interpretations. Although he was chided for this heresy by a prominent
European anatomy professor, many generations of students training to be physicians rather than
anatomists have appreciated Dr. Netter’s concept.
The integration of physiology and clinical medicine with anatomy has led Dr. Netter to another,
more subtle, choice in his art. Many texts and atlases published during the period of Dr. Netter’s
career depict anatomy clearly based on cadaver specimens with renderings of shrunken and shriveled
tissues
and
organs.
Netter
the
physician
chose
to
render
“live”
versions
of
these
structures—not
shriveled,
colorless,
formaldehyde-soaked
tissues,
but
plump,
robust
organs,
glowing
with
color!
The value of Dr. Netter’s approach is clearly demonstrated by the plates in this selection.
John A. Craig, MD
Austin, Texas
Part 1 Neuroanatomy
Cerebrum—Medial Views. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Cerebrum—Inferior View. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Basal Nuclei (Ganglia). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Thalamus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Cerebellum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Brainstem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Fourth Ventricle and Cerebellum . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Accessory Nerve (XI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Arteries to Brain and Meninges . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Arteries to Brain: Schema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Arteries of Brain: Inferior Views . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Cerebral Arterial Circle (Willis) . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Arteries of Brain: Frontal View and Section . . 14
Arteries of Brain:
Lateral and Medial Views. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Arteries of Posterior Cranial Fossa . . . . . . . . . 16
Veins of Posterior Cranial Fossa . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Deep Veins of Brain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Subependymal Veins of Brain . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Hypothalamus and Hypophysis . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Arteries and Veins
of Hypothalamus and Hypophysis . . . . . . . . 21
Relation of Spinal Nerve Roots to Vertebrae . . . 22
Autonomic Nervous System:
General Topography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Spinal Nerve Origin: Cross Sections. . . . . . . . 24
Olfactory Nerve (I): Schema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Optic Nerve (II)
(Visual Pathway): Schema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Oculomotor (III), Trochlear (IV)
and Abducent (VI) Nerves: Schema. . . . . . . 27
Trigeminal Nerve (V): Schema . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Facial Nerve (VII): Schema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Vestibulocochlear Nerve (VIII): Schema. . . . . 30
Glossopharyngeal Nerve (IX): Schema . . . . . . 31
Vagus Nerve (X): Schema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Accessory Nerve (XI): Schema . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Hypoglossal Nerve (XII): Schema . . . . . . . . . . 34
Nerves of Heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Autonomic Nerves
and Ganglia of Abdomen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Nerves of Stomach and Duodenum . . . . . . . . 37
Nerves of Stomach
and Duodenum (continued) . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Nerves of Small Intestine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Nerves of Large Intestine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Nerves of Kidneys,
Ureters and Urinary Bladder . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Nerves of Pelvic Viscera: Male . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Nerves of Pelvic Viscera: Female . . . . . . . . . . 43
Median Nerve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Ulnar Nerve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Radial Nerve in Arm
and Nerves of Posterior Shoulder . . . . . . . . 46
Radial Nerve in Forearm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Sciatic Nerve and Posterior
Cutaneous Nerve of Thigh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Tibial Nerve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Common Fibular (Peroneal) Nerve. . . . . . . . . 50
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