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1
Mental Health and Mental Illness: Basics
Mental Illness/Disorder 2
Mental Health 2
Legal Definition of Mental Illness 2
Positive Mental Health: Jahoda’s Six Major Categories 2
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs 3
General Adaptation Syndrome 4
Fight-or-Flight Response 4
Theories of Personality Development 5
Psychoanalytic Theory 5
Topographic Model of the Mind 5
Key Defense Mechanisms 6
Stages of Personality Development 7
Freud’s Psychosexual Development 7
Sullivan’s Interpersonal Theory 7
Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory 8
Mahler’s Theory of Object Relations 8
Peplau’s Interpersonal Theory 9
Biological Aspects of Mental Illness 10
Central and Peripheral Nervous System 10
The Brain 11
Limbic System 12
Autonomic Nervous System 13
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Effects 13
Synapse Transmission 15
Neurotransmitters 16
Neurotransmitter Functions and Effects 16
Legal-Ethical Issues 16
Confidentiality 16
Dos and Don’ts of Confidentiality 16
When Confidentiality Must Be Breached 17
The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability
(HIPAA) Act (1996) 17
Types of Commitment 18
Restraints and Seclusion – Behavioral Healthcare 18
A Patient’s Bill of Rights 19
Informed Consent 20
Right to Refuse Treatment/Medication 20
Psychiatric Assessment
Psychiatric History and Assessment Tool 22
Medical History 27
Substance History and Assessment Tool 33
CAGE Screening Questionnaire 35
Short Michigan Alcohol Screening Test (SMAST) 35
Mental Status Assessment and Tool 36
DSM-IV-TR Multiaxial Classification and Tool 40
Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF)/Scale 42
Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) 44
AIMS Rating Form 45
Geriatric Depression Rating Scale (GDS) 47
Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) 48
The Clock-Drawing Test 48
BATHE Technique 48
Ethnocultural Considerations 49
Culturally Mediated Beliefs and Practices 50
Perception of Mental Health Services - Ethnocultural
Differences 52
Ethnocultural Assessment Tool 53
Documentation 55
Problem-Oriented Record (POR) 55
Focus Charting (DAR) 55
PIE Method (APIE) 56
Example of APIE Charting 56
Psychiatric Disorders
Delirium, Dementia, and Amnestic Disorders 59
Dementia of Alzheimer’s Type (AD) 60
Dementia with Lewy Bodies 61
Medications to Treat Dementia of the Alzheimer’s Type 61
Client/Family Education: Dementia 61
Substance-Related Disorders 62
Substance Use Disorders 63
Substance-Induced Disorders 63
Addiction, Withdrawal, & Tolerance 63
Substance Dependence 64
Client/Family Education: Substance-Related Disorders 65
Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders 66
Schizophrenia 67
Positive and Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia 68
Four A’s of Schizophrenia 68
Thought Disorders – Content of Thought (Definitions) 69
Common Delusions 69
Thought Disorders – Form of Thought (Definitions) 69
Client/Family Education: Schizophrenia 70
Mood Disorders 71
Depressive Disorders 71
Bipolar Disorders 72
SIGECAPS – Mnemonic for Depression 72
Major Depressive Episode 73
Manic Episode 74
Postpartum Major Depressive Episode 75
Client/Family Education: Mood Disorders 76
Death and Dying/Grief 77
Stages of Death and Dying (Kübler-Ross) 77
Complicated versus Uncomplicated Grief 77
Anxiety Disorders 78
Four Levels of Anxiety 78
57
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) 79
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) 80
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) 81
Client/Family Education: Anxiety Disorders 82
Sexual and Gender Identity Disorders 83
Sexual Dysfunctions 83
Paraphilias 84
Gender Identity Disorder 84
Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder 85
Client/Family Education: Sexual
Dysfunctions/Paraphilias/Gender Identity Disorders 86
Eating Disorders 86
Anorexia Nervosa/Bulimia Nervosa 87
Client/Family Education: Eating Disorders 87
Bulimia Nervosa (BN) 88
Personality Disorders 89
Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) 90
Client/Family Education: Personality Disorders 91
Disorders of Childhood and Adolescence 92
Mental Retardation 92
Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) 93
Nonpharmacologic ADHD Treatments 94
Conduct Disorder/Oppositional Defiant Disorder 95
Psychiatric Interventions
Therapeutic Relationship/Alliance 97
Core Elements of a Therapeutic Relationship 97
Therapeutic Use of Self
Phases of Relationship Development 98
Nonverbal Communication 99
Communication Techniques 100
Therapeutic Milieu 102
Group Interventions 103
Stages of Group Development 103
Leadership Styles 104
Individual Roles/Difficult Group Members 104
Yalom’s Therapeutic Factors 106
Family Therapy 107
Family Therapy Models/Theories 107
Genogram 108
Common Genogram Symbols 108
Sample Genogram 109
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy 109
Distortions in Thinking 110
Complementary Therapies 111
Psychotropic Drugs
Psychopharmacologic Agents 113
Antianxiety (Anxiolytic) Agents 113
Benzodiazepines 114
Antidepressants 116
Tricyclics 116
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) 117
Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs)
119
Others (Aminoketone/Triazolopyridine) 120
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs) 121
Mood Stabilizers 122
Lithium/Anticonvulsants 122
Anticonvulsants 123
Antipsychotics (Treatment of Bipolar Disorder) 124
Antipsychotic (Neuroleptic) Agents 125
Conventional Agents (Phenothiazines/Butyrophenones)
125
Atypical Agents (Dibenzodiazepine/Benzisoxazole) 126
Atypical Agents (Thienobenzodiazepine/Dihydrocarbostyril)
127
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Agents 128
Cytochrome P-450, Half Life, and Protein Binding 128
MAOI Diet (Tyramine) Restrictions 129
Medications and the Elderly (Start Low, Go Slow) 130
Antidepressants in Childhood & Adolescence (SSRIs) 131
Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS) 131
Antipsychotic Use Contraindications 132
Antipsychotic-Induced Movement Disorders 132
Extrapyramidal Symptoms (EPS) 132
Tardive Dyskinesia 132
Serotonin Syndrome 133
Therapeutic Plasma Levels 133
Drug-Herbal Interactions 134
Common Psychotropic Medications (Alphabetical Listing) 135
Crisis/Suicide/Abuse
Crisis Intervention 145
Prevention/Management of Assaultive Behaviors 145
Early Signs of Anger 145
Anger Management Techniques 145
Signs of Anger Escalation 145
Anger Management Techniques 145
Suicide 148
Suicide Assessment 148
Groups at Risk for Suicide 149
Suicide Interventions 149
Victims of Abuse 150
Safety Plan (to Escape Abuser) 151
Signs of Child Abuse (Physical/Sexual) 152
Incest 153
Other Kinds of Abuse 154
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