Encyclopedia of
Nursing Research, Second Edition
Joyce J. Fitzpatrick, PhD, RN, FAAN
Editor-in-Chief
Meredith Wallace, PhD, APRN-BC
Associate Editor
JOYCE J. FITZPATRICK, PHD, MBA, RN, FAAN,
is the Elizabeth Brooks Ford Professor of Nursing, Frances
Payne Bolton School of Nursing, Case Western Reserve
University in Cleveland Ohio where she was Dean from
1982 through 1997. She has received numerous honors
and awards including the American Journal of Nursing
Book of the Year Award 18 times. Dr. Fitzpatrick is widely
published in nursing and health care literature. She is
senior editor of the Annual Review of Nursing Research
series, now in its 23rd volume. In 1998 Dr. Fitzpatrick
was senior editor of the first volume of the classic Encyclopedia
of Nursing Research as well as a series of Research
Digests, including Nursing Research Digest, Maternal
Child Health Nursing Research Digest, Geriatric Nursing
Research Digest, and Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing
Research Digest. She has coedited four books focused on nurses and the internet: Internet
Resources for Nurses (2000) and Nurses Guide to Consumer Health Web Sites (2001), Essentials
of Internet Use for Nurses (2002) and Internet for Nursing Research (2004). Dr. Fitzpatrick
has provided consultation on nursing education and research throughout the world,
including universities and health ministries in Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, Latin America,
and the Middle East.
MEREDITH WALLACE, PHD, APRN-BC, has been a
nurse since she completed her BSN degree Magna Cum
Laude at Boston University in 1988. Following this, she
earned an MSN in medical-surgical nursing with a specialty
in geriatrics from Yale University and a PhD in
nursing research and theory development at New York
University. During her time at NYU she was awarded a
predoctoral fellowship at the Hartford Institute for Geriatric
Nursing. In this capacity she became the original author
and editor of Try This: Best Practices in Geriatric Nursing
series. In 2001, she won the Springer Publishing Company
Award for Applied Nursing Research. She was the Managing
Editor of the Journal of Applied Nursing Research
and is currently the research brief editor for the journal.
She is the author of numerous journal articles and book
chapters. Dr Wallace published Prostate Cancer: Nursing Assessment Management and Care,
in April 2002, which won the American Journal of Nursing Book of the Year Award. Preceding
this, she was the Associate Editor of The Geriatric Nursing Research Digest, which also won
the American Journal of Nursing Book of the Year Award in 2002. She is the recent recipient
of the Eastern Nursing Research Society/John A. Hartford Foundation junior investigator
award. Dr. Wallace is currently an Associate Professor and the Elizabeth DeCamp McInerney
Chair in Health Sciences at Fairfield University School of Nursing, in Fairfield, CT.
Copyright © 2006 by Springer Publishing Company, Inc.
All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Encyclopedia of nursing research / Joyce J. Fitzpatrick and
Meredith Wallace [editors]. — 2nd ed.
p. ; cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-8261-9812-0
1. Nursing—Research—Encyclopedias. 2. Evidence-based nurs-
ing—Encyclopedias. I. Fitzpatrick, Joyce J., 1944- . II. Wallace,
Meredith, PhD, RN.
[DNLM: 1. Nursing Research—Encyclopedias—English.
2. Evidence-Based Medicine—methods. WY 13 E5632 2006]
RT81.5.E53 2006
610.73'072—dc22 2005017674
Printed in the United States of America by Maple-Vail Book
Manufacturing Group.
CONTENTS
Advisory Board vii
Preface ix
Contributors xi
List of Entries xxxiii
Encyclopedia of Nursing Research A-Z 1
References 637
Appendix: Contributors to the First Edition 755
Subject Index 767
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