NURSING RESEARCH

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CONTENTS
Part 1
Foundations of
Nursing Research 1
Chapter 1
Introduction to Nursing Research 3
Nursing Research in Perspective 3
Nursing Research: Past, Present, and Future 5
Sources of Evidence for Nursing Practice 11
Paradigms for Nursing Research 13
The Purposes of Nursing Research 18
Research Examples 21
Summary Points 22
Chapter 2
Key Concepts and Terms in Qualitative and
Quantitative Research 26
The Faces and Places of Research 26
The Building Blocks of a Study 29
Key Challenges of Conducting Research 35
Research Examples 41
Summary Points 42
Chapter 3
Overview of the Research Process in Qualitative
and Quantitative Studies 46
Major Classes of Quantitative and
Qualitative Research 46
Major Steps in a Quantitative Study 47
Activities in a Qualitative Study 55
Research Examples 58
Summary Points 60
Part 2
Conceptualizing a
Research Study 63
Chapter 4
Research Problems, Research Questions, and
Hypotheses 65
Overview of Research Problems 65
Sources of Research Problems 67
Development and Refinement of
Research Problems 69
Communicating the Research Problem 73
Research Hypotheses 77
Research Examples 84
Summary Points 85
Chapter 5
Reviewing the Literature 88
Purposes of a Literature Review 88
Scope of a Literature Search 89
Locating Relevant Literature for a
Research Review 91
Reading Research Reports 96
Preparing a Written Literature Review 103
Research Examples of Research Literature
Reviews 109
Summary points 111
Chapter 6
Developing a Conceptual Context 114
Theories, Models, and Frameworks 114
The Nature of Theories and Conceptual
Models 119
Conceptual Models Used in Nursing
Research 120
Testing, Using, and Developing a Theory
or Framework 125
Research Examples 133
Summary Points 134
Part 3
Designs for
Nursing Research 139
Chapter 7
Designing Ethical Research 141
The Need for Ethical Guidelines 141
The Principle of Beneficence 143
The Principle of Respect for
Human Dignity 147
The Principle of Justice 149
Informed Consent 150
Vulnerable Subjects 154
External Reviews and the Protection of
Human Rights 156
Building Ethics into the Design of
the Study 157
Research Examples 158
Summary Points 159
Chapter 8
Designing Quantitative Studies 162
Aspects of Quantitative
Research Design 162
Overview of Research Design Types 164
Experiments 168
Quasi-Experiments 181
Nonexperimental Research 188
Designs and Research Evidence 195
Summary Points 196
Chapter 9
Enhancing Rigor in Quantitative
Research 201
Controlling the Research Situation 201
Controlling Intrinsic Subject Factors 203
Characteristics of Good Design 209
Research Example 219
Summary Points 220
Chapter 10
Quantitative Research for
Various Purposes 223
Studies That Are Typically Experimental or
Quasi-Experimental 223
Studies That Can Be Either Experimental
or Nonexperimental 230
Studies That Are Typically Nonexperimental 234
Research Examples of Various Types of
Quantitative Studies 239
Summary Points 240
Chapter 11
Qualitative Research Design
and Approaches 245
The Design of Qualitative Studies 245
Qualitative Research Traditions 248
Other Types of Qualitative Research 259
Research With Ideological Perspectives 263
Research Examples 266
Summary Points 268
Chapter 12
Integration of Qualitative and
Quantitative Designs 273
Rationale for Multimethod Research 273
Applications of Multimethod Research 275
Multimethod Research Designs 279
Strategies for Multimethod Research 280
Obstacles to Multimethod Research 283
Research Examples 284
Summary Points 286
Chapter 13
Sampling Designs 289
Basic Sampling Concepts in
Quantitative Studies 289
Nonprobability Sampling 292
Probability Sampling 295
Sample Size in Quantitative Studies 300
Implementing a Sampling Plan in
Quantitative Studies 303
Sampling in Qualitative Research 305
Research Examples 310
Summary Points 311
Part 4
Measurement and
Data Collection 315
Chapter 14
Designing and Implementing a Data
Collection Plan 317
Existing Data Versus Original Data 317
Dimensions of Data Collection
Approaches 318
Major Types of Data Collection Methods 319
Converting Quantitative and
Qualitative Data 322
Developing a Data Collection Plan in a
Quantitative Study 323
Implementing a Data Collection Plan in a
Quantitative Study 330
Data Collection Issues in
Qualitative Studies 332
Research Examples 336
Summary Points 337
Chapter 15
Collecting Self-Report Data 340
Qualitative Self-Report Techniques 340
Quantitative Self-Report Instruments 349
Using and Preparing Structured Self-Report
Instruments 352
Administering Structured Self-Report
Instruments 365
Research Examples 368
Summary Points 369
Chapter 16
Collecting Observational Data 375
Observational Issues 375
Qualitative Observational Methods:
Participant Observation 378
Observational Methods: Structured
Observations 385
Mechanical Aids in Observations 390
Observer Biases 391
Research Examples 392
Summary Points 393
Chapter 17
Collecting Biophysiologic and
Other Data 398
Biophysiologic Measures 398
Records, Documents, and Available Data 402
Q Methodology 403
Projective Techniques 405
Vignettes 407
Cognitive and Neuropsychological Tests 408
Examples of Studies Using Alternative Data
Collection Methods 409
Summary Points 410
Chapter 18
Assessing Data Quality 413
Measurement 413
Reliability of Measuring Instruments 416
Validity 422
Other Criteria for Assessing Quantitative
Measures 428
Assessment of Qualitative Data and
Their Interpretation 430
Research Examples 437
Summary Points 443
Part 5
The Analysis of
Research Data 449
Chapter 19
Analyzing Quantitative Data:
Descriptive Statistics 451
Levels of Measurement 451
Frequency Distributions 455
Central Tendency 459
Variability 460
Bivariate Descriptive Statistics: Contingency
Tables and Correlation 465
The Computer and Descriptive Statistics 469
Research Example 473
Summary Points 475
Chapter 20
Analyzing Quantitative Data: Inferential
Statistics 477
Sampling Distributions 477
Estimation of Parameters 479
Hypothesis Testing 480
Testing Differences Between Two
Group Means 486
Testing Differences Between Three or More
Group Means 489
Testing Differences in Proportions 493
Testing Relationships Between
Two Variables 494
Power Analysis 495
The Computer and Inferential Statistics 502
Guide to Bivariate Statistical Tests 505
Research Example 507
Summary Points 507
Chapter 21
Analyzing Quantitative Data: Multivariate
Statistics 511
Simple Linear Regression 511
Multiple Linear Regression 514
Analysis of Covariance 521
Factor Analysis 526
Other Least-Squares Multivariate
Techniques 530
Causal Modeling 532
Other Multivariate Statistical Procedures 536
The Computer and Multivariate Statistics 538
Guide to Multivariate Statistical Tests 540
Research Example 543
Summary Points 543
Chapter 22
Designing and Implementing a Quantitative
Analysis Strategy 547
Phases in the Analysis of
Quantitative Data 547
Preanalysis Phase 547
Preliminary Assessments and Actions 553
Principal Analyses 560
Interpretation of Results 562
Research Example 566
Summary Points 568
Chapter 23
Analyzing Qualitative Data 570
Introduction to Qualitative Analysis 570
Qualitative Data Management and
Organization 572
Analytic Procedures 578
Interpretation of Qualitative Findings 591
Research Examples 592
Summary Points 594
Part 6
Communicating
Research 599
Chapter 24
Summarizing and Sharing
Research Findings 601
Getting Started on Dissemination 601
Content of Research Reports 604
The Style of Research Reports 617
Types of Research Reports 618
Summary Points 626
Chapter 25
Writing a Research Proposal 629
Overview of Research Proposals 629
Proposals for Theses and Dissertations 635
Funding for Research Proposals 637
Grant Applications to the National
Institutes of Health 639
Research Examples 647
Summary Points 648
Part 7
Using Research
Results 651
Chapter 26
Evaluating Research Reports 653
The Research Critique 653
Elements of a Research Critique 654
Conclusion 666
Research Examples 667
Summary Points 669
Chapter 27
Utilizing Research: Putting Research Evidence
Into Nursing Practice 671
Research Utilization Versus Evidence-Based
Practice 671
Barriers to Using Research in
Nursing Practice 677
The Process of Using Research in
Nursing Practice 681
Research Integration and Synthesis 690
Research Example 696
Summary Points 697
Appendix
Glossary
Index